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PRELIMINARY TABLE OF CONTENTS OF PART 37, "THE SALT INDUSTRY", OF SCIENCE AND CIVILISATION IN CHINA

Introduction

• Sources for the history of salt, petroleum and natural gas production techniques
• Methodological issues
• Etymological investigations
• Nutritional, fiscal, economic, cultural, and religious aspects of salt
• Categorizations and scientific explanations of salt, petroleum and natural gas and their deposits

• Salt production at Lake Hsieh
  • Natural and spontaneous production of salt (from the beginnings to the late +5th or early +6th century)
  • Progresses and regressions of salt production methods in solar evaporation basins (late +5th or early +6th century to +20th century
    • a) Salt production in solar evaporation basins (late +5th or early +6th century to late +13th century)
    • b) Re-emergence and domination of natural and spontaneous salt production methods (late +13th to late +16th century)
    • c) Re-adoption of salt production in solar evaporation basins
    (late +16th to +20th century)
  • The question of the beginning of solar evaporation in successive basins at Lake Hsieh
• Salt production at other salt lakes

• Sea salt production techniques until the Thang period
• Sea salt production techniques from the Thang period onwards
  • Leaching of ashes for getting brine; boiling down the brine to salt
  • Leaching of sand or earth for getting brine; boiling down the brine to salt
  • Hydrometric measurements
  • Kinds of pans and hearths used
  • Beginning and development of the method of solar evaporation of brine
    • Leaching of ashes, sand or earth for getting brine; evaporating the brine by solar heat; use of wooden vessels for solar evaporation
    • Successive basin solar evaporation
  • Sea salt production in Europe: a short history

• Earth and rock salt in China
• Earth and rock salt in Europe: a short history

• Salt springs and archaical methods of salt production (leaching of plant ashes)
• The period of shaft-wells (-3rd century to +11th century AD); shaft-wells of Sichuan and Yunnan.
• The rise and developement of deep-drilled brine wells in Szechuan, ca. +1050 to ca. +1265
  • The political, economic and social background
  • The technology of deep drilling in Szechuan, ca. +1050 to ca. +1265
  • Traditional types of deep-drilled brine wells of later periods
  • Predecessors and successors of technological elements of the Sung deep-drilled brine wells
• The stagnation of the technology of deep-drilled brine wells in Szechuan, ca. +1265 to ca. +1560, and its political, social and economic reasons
• The development of deep-drilled brine wells in Szechuan ca. +1560 to ca. +1760
  • The political, economic and social background
  • The technology of deep-drilled brine wells in Szechuan, ca. +1560 to ca. +1760
• Deep drilling and salt production in +19th century Szechuan
  • Prospecting; drilling; brine hoisting.
  • Drilling, repairing, fishing and hoisting tools.
  • Brine pipelines.
  • Evaporation and purification of brine
• The use of steam-engines for hoisting and deep drilling in Szechuan, late +19th and early +20th century

• The "fire wells" of Hung-mΩn and Lin-chhiung
• Records of "fire wells" after the +4th century
• The development of the gas fields of Tzu-liu-ching and other places, +16th to +20th centuries
• Appendix: Famous gas wells of Tzu-liu-ching and Kung-ching
• The use of natural gas in +19th century Szechuan
  • Equipment for controlling and measuring gas output, for mixing gas with air, and for conducting it to the hearths
• Knowledge of Chinese "fire wells" in the West

• History of bitumen production in China
  • Shensi
  • Kansu
  • Sinkiang
  • Szechuan
  • Minor production sites
• Some minor applications of natural gas and bitumen in China
• Brief history of oil production in the West

Bibliographies

Hoisting of brine and boiling brine by using natural gas, Szechuan, mid-eighteenth century

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